D-Day Success or disaster essays

Development in South Korea Latin America free essay sample

Contrasts financial accomplishment in Korea and disappointment in Latin Amer. Govt. governmental issues, send out industrialization versus import-replacement economies, initiative, outside venture, reliance hypothesis. A great part of the scholarly conversation about the political economy of improvement has turned upon the differentiation between East Asia and Latin America. East Asian development, epitomized particularly on account of South Korea, has been dynamic and incredible and is seen to a great extent as the consequence of the advancement of a fare industrialization economy. Latin American development, then again, has been drowsy and is seen to a great extent as the consequence of the advancement of an import-replacement economy. However, both South Korea and the Latin American nations had started as moderately lacking territories of the globe in the mid-1900s and were dependent upon numerous of.the same outside influencesnamely, American military and monetary interventionattempting to shape the future political and financial courses of these districts. The inquiry that emerges is the reason have South Korea and other East Asian

The Monopoly and Fair Return Sample Essay

The Monopoly and Fair Return Sample Essay The fair return is of great importance in assessing the comparative merits of various investments. In this regard, it is of significant importance whether this rule is calculated before or after the tax deduction. For most types of investments, the fair return after the tax takeout is more informative. Fair returns from investments most often are made more than once a year. And this means that it is necessary to analyse the annual interest rate (APR) to obtain comparable results. Since the definition of marginal average costs and marginal return, as well as the level of demand, is difficult, the fair return rate is used to determine the level of prices that are most useful. The rate of profit from 15% to 50% is quite acceptable, and the one that is more than 100% refers to super-profits. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that the turnover of the advanced capital in a number of industries may not be one year and it should be taken into account when calculating the rate of return. The market is monopolised when the products that do not have close substitutes are offered by a single seller to a wide audience because the entrance to this market is closed for other sellers. The market may be closed either due to a legislative ban on certain economic activities (state monopoly on alcohol or gambling, patented manufacturing techniques) or because of fear of large losses in case of an unsuccessful attempt to enter the industry. Sometimes, so-called natural monopolies appear that become the only producers of products not because of the closure of the market but because of the continued growth in returns. What combination of production/price will be chosen by a monopoly depends not only on costs but also on the goals. Unlike a perfect competitor, a monopoly does not necessarily have to strive to maximise profits. The position of a single seller allows it to set other goals, for example, maximising the fair return or profit margins. In addition, a monopoly can sell the same products at different prices at the same time. The usual average return of monopolies is fixed and assumes the character of permanent rent. And over it, a stable increment is formed that is an additional profit realised at a monopoly price. It turns into a super profit. The buyers of goods produced by a monopoly initially bear losses equal to monopoly profits. They include these losses in the costs of production and the prices of their goods. Thus, they shift their losses to other industries. As a result, the average return of total fair is reduced by a number of monopoly profits. And the sum of the prices rises as a result of the growth of production costs for many goods. The higher the monopoly profit is the lower the mass and the rate of average profit. Thus, a stable monopoly profit does not appear as a form of manifestation of the average profit. On the contrary, it denies the latter, distorts and hinders the operation of the mechanism of product prices in the non-monopolistic sector of production. The development of a stable monopoly profit occurred through the distribution of joint-stock companies. The effective equalisation of fair returns in the monopolistic sector does not mean the restoration of the law of average profit in it in its previous form. The averaged profits of monopolised industries are just average monopoly profits. The fair return is the form of realisation of monopoly profit. This is due to the fact that the profits of monopolies equal the difference between the sum of the prices of the goods sold by them and the sum of their production costs.

Slavery And The Civil War - 1447 Words

Slavery and The Civil War When most people think of Abraham Lincoln, They remember him as the one President, or the one single entity , who freed the slaves. Most are not aware that before slavery the young nation was going though growing pains there were years of political strife and social upheaval that culminated in to Civil war that actually resulted in the Emancipation of Slaves. Slavery was pivotal to the compromises and conflicts of national politics in the decades leading up to the Civil War. The Sectional Crisis between 1820 and 1860 set off numerous controversies that ended up in the courts and in Congress. It started with the Missouri Compromise of 1920 and continued with the Compromise of 1950 that in turn†¦show more content†¦With slavery being used as a political tool, the Northern government used it to justify their fight with the southern States. The Emancipation Proclamation gave the Civil War it’s vitality and cause. The war would be fought to win for no other reason than the Emanipation of Slaves. As a result of the Union Victory , The 13th admendtment finally legally freed all American slaves began the Reconstruction Era. Reconstruction was meant to piece the nation back together and help assimilate the newly freed slave into American Society. The results of reconstruction would ultimaltely harm the African-American and serve as the foundation on to which the social` ,economically and political inequality of the African- American was laid. This be a would the black struggle with for the next 150 years. In the years leading up to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, tensions began to rise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions within the U.S. Congress and across the country. They reached a boiling point after Missouri’s 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state, which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri .To keep the peace, Congress orchestrated a two-part compromise, granting Missouri’s request but also admitting Maine

Who I Am Essay - 1144 Words

When I look in the mirror I know whom I am, but society makes it difficult to understand who I am, because I was born to immigrants of Nigerian descent, and I am a first generation American, that term is sometimes used so loosely. By looking at my name they assume that I am from some island, but I am so quick to tell them that â€Å"I am Nigerian†, there is another statement that normally follows this. â€Å"You do not have an accent†. I wonder if I had an accent would I be considered Nigerian and not American; then I say that â€Å"My parents are Nigerian† and then that changes, so to them I am just associated with the Nigerian culture it does not make me Nigerian, there has been many discussion between my friends who are the same like me confused to†¦show more content†¦I currently enjoy shocking people with my heritage because there is still a stigma about what a Haitian should look like, sound like, etc. Id say that because I was such a scared little kid who didnt talk much, my family could do little to support me because they didnt know I was having issues (A. Benjamin, personal communication, Dec 1, 2009). This is saying that if you do not walk, talk, or think like them; then you are not considered to be of that ethnicity. Everyday I am on a constant race to discover who I am as an individual. I am fighting this battle whether I choose to acknowledge it or not. Donald Hernandez has written in his book Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance; he talks about major key points, but the most important one state â€Å"Third, because life chances differ greatly according to race and ethnicity in the United States, and because of the race and ethnic composition of immigrants to this country has shifted markedly during recent decades,† (3). That is true trying to be one thing is very hard in USA society has an effect of how you may become as the individual. If I were in another country they would just see as an American and nothing else, but the place that I was born and raised they see me as what my parents are Nigerians. I am not American because my parents are from Nigeria; this has been a very constant thing, because of several definitions of what itShow MoreRelatedWho Am Who I Am792 Words   |  4 Pagesidentity? I have an identity and I know when I got it too, because I will never forget these moments in my life. I live in a world where people don’t see me for me, only what they want to see or what they hear. A black man always put down by the white race, and told to shoot for the stars by the black race. I found no comfort in either race and I was put down by both races. I was the one who told myself to rise, I learned that the only person who wants you to succeed is yourself. I am nothing likeRead MoreWho I Am I? Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages Who am I? It is funny you should ask because I was just asking myself the same question. How would I define myself In a culture that seems to so easily attach a label to someone or quickly place people into a category? How would I be able to make you understand my place in the world, or my relationship to the world that surrounds me? If I want you to understand and see the â€Å"real me† and how I fit into the big picture, I would have to do an immense amount of soul searching. I would have to chooseRead MoreWho I Am A? Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesplanet who I have not met yet, and over 180 countries I have not visited. Yet I am stuck in this insignificant town, being pressured into making decisions about my future when I barely know who I am. People may think that I have nothing to be sad about, and I should feel happy. But if you look more closely at my life, at the little details, that’s where it all went wrong. I feel bad for feeling like this because I have people I love, I have nice parents and friends, but when I’m alone, I have nothingRead MoreWho Am I1356 Words   |  6 PagesCreed I believe in the forgiveness of sins. I had been saying it for several years before I asked myself why it was in the Creed. At first sight it seems hardly worth putting in. If one is a Christian, I thought of course one believes in the forgiveness of sins. It goes without saying. But the people who compiled the Creed apparently thought that this was a part of our belief which we needed to be reminded of every time we went to church. And I have begun to see that, as far as I am concernedRead MoreWho I Am I?802 Words   |  4 PagesWho am I? I ask myself that all the time it’s starting to sound like a broken record in my head. Well I will start with my name, my name is Kaleab F. Debebe. Kale-ab Ethiopian name meaning word of God. In Amharic â€Å"Kale† means word and â€Å"ab† means God. My mother got my name in a dream and I was born on the morning of Ethiopian Christmas. I am that kid his father left at the age of six month and act though t hat not having a father figure growing up did not affect me. I am that Ethiopian boy who leftRead MoreWho Am I?786 Words   |  4 Pageserases it. She is stuck as the room moves on. All is not well. As a child, I didn’t understand what it meant to be â€Å"Korean.† Everything simply was as it is. No questions arise because no one cared if you held a Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, or Asian background. We were children and if you created a sword out of a stick, you gained acceptance. It wasn’t until my middle school years that I noticed a change. Suddenly, I became aware of the wall between others and myself. It appeared at timesRead MoreWho I Am I?931 Words   |  4 PagesWho Am I? When confronted with the question â€Å"who am I,† I thought long and hard. Although the answer is as simple as â€Å"I am Anaam Haji,† but who I really am is a question that I pondered over for hours. I was born on October 17, 1999 in the great state of Georgia. My parents migrated to the United States in 1997 to flee the civil war that had broken out in Somalia in the earlier half of the decade. My parents came to America with my five older siblings, and in 1998 gave birth to my sister AliyaRead MoreWho I Am I?895 Words   |  4 PagesWho am I? Where am I going? How will I get there? 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But before we begin to define who I am letsRead MoreI Am Who They Are880 Words   |  4 PagesTo Be Who They Are â€Å"Oh! You wrote your name!† I exclaimed. â€Å"Did Ms. Michelle teach you to do that?† â€Å"No,† my oldest daughter replied, â€Å"Julie and Eden know how to do it, so I wanted to do it too.† At four years old, she had taught herself to write her name on her very first day of preschool. Her father had been right; she was just as precocious as the amazing little kid he had seen on TV. But I was right too: she would do these things when she was good and ready, and not a moment sooner.

Flow over Weir Free Essays

Introduction A weir is an opening in the sidewall of a tank at top. The stream of liquid coming out the weir is known as a nappe, sheet or vein. There is no difference between a notch and weir except that the former is a small structure and has sharp edges. We will write a custom essay sample on Flow over Weir or any similar topic only for you Order Now A weir generally an overflow structure, with a broad crest, build across an open channel. The terms air and weirs are used synonymously in general. The top of weir wall over which the liquid flows is known as the sill or crest. The head under which the weir is discharging is measure from the crest to the free surface. A weir or notch is generally used for measuring the flow of liquids. In this experiment, we ar using the rectangular weir and triangle weir. Rectangular weir and triangular weir (v-notch) ore often used in water supply, wastewater and sewage system. They consists of a sharp edge plane with rectangular and triangular profile for the water flow. Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad edge is beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations ith broad-crested weirs will meet accuracy requirement only if they are calibrated. objective To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over; * A rectangular notch * A triangular (v-notch) * To determine values of the discharge coefficient for both notches Method General features of the flow can be determined by direct observation. Discharge coefficient values can be determined from measurements of the height of the free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate Equipment In order to complete the experiment, we need a number of pieces of equipment * The F1-10 haudralics bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection * The F1-13 stilling baffle The F1-13 rectangular and Vee notch * Vernier Height Gauge (supplied with F1-13) * Stopwatch * Spiril level 4 4 2 2 5 5 8 8 7 7 6 6 3 3 1 1 Figure 1: Flow over Weirs – Figure 2: Flow over Weirs – vee notch weir rectangular notch weir 1 1 5 5 2 2 6 6 Hydraulics BenchBasket of glass spheres 3 3 Weir channelVolumetric measuring tank 4 4 (V) Vee notch weir7 7 Rectangular weir Hook point gauge Hook Gauge and Scale8 8 There are different shapes of weirs that can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate. These shapes with their dimension are shown in fig 3 below. Figure 3: Details of weirs Technical Data The following dimension from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculation. If required these values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replace with your own measurements. * Width of rectangular notch, b= 0. 030 * Angle of vee notch, o=90 degree Theory Because the depth of flow above the base of notch is related to the volume flow rate through it, the notch forms a useful flow measurement device. The classical result for flow over notch are obtained by an application of the Bernoulli equation, from a point well up stream to a point just above the notch. This approach requires a number of very substantial assumptions and it yields the following results: For Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd23b(2g)H32 For Vee-notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd815tan(? 2)(2g)H52 Where; Qt= Volume flow rate H = height above notch base B = width of rectangular notch ? = angle of the vee in triangular notch; Cd= the discharge coefficient, which has to be determined by experiment These can be rearrange to give; Cd=3Qt2b2gH32 For rectangular notch Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 Foe vee notch. Discussion. From the experiment, we are about to determine the discharge coefficient of the both rectangular and the triangular notches. The discharge coefficient for the rectangular notch are influence by its H and also its volumetric flow rate while the triangular notch are influence by its o, H and also its volumetric flow rate. From the result, we can see that the volumetric flow rate of both notches are increase. This showed show that the water outflow increase as the H increased. These is suppose to happened as, the water level increase, the Water outflow from the notch increase over the time. But from discharged coefficient, we can see that the value of both notches are not stable. This may be from the friction at the head of the notches during the starter of experiment. The friction will affect the time taken to collect 1liter of water for V-notch and 5 litre of water for the Rectangle notch. Thus it will effect the volumetric flow rate and also the discharge coefficient as the volumetric flow rate influence the value of Cd. The aim of this experiment is to determine the value of the discharge coefficient for both notches of rectangular notch and also triangular (V-notch). The discharge coefficient values can be determine from the measurements of the height of free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate For discharge coefficient of Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Cd=3Qt2b2gH32 For discharge coefficient of V-notch, the formula is given by; Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 In comparison, for rectangular notch, the theoretical value of its discharge coefficient, Cd, is ——. However, the experimental value of Cd turns out to be 2. 31. Based on experiment that we conducted, the percentage error for rectangular notch is–. This is due to some errors that ccur during experiment. For example parallax error. However, for V-notch, the theoretical value is —, but theoretical value is—. There is not much of a difference between its theoretical value and actual value. This mean that the flow is laminar, and not much energy is loss through friction. The derivation of values are contributed by the error during handing the experiment, if we take it as overall error, most of error occurred when step of taking the height started. First, we have to careful about the height of datum. For convenience, is is advice that to take your first datum as zero. Other than that, it is also advice that th time should be taken 3 times so that we can take the average so that the error can be minimize. Besides, The theory does not put energy loss or viscosity of the water flow into consideration, but it only depends on the flow rate, the width of the notches and height of the notches. However, in reality, water currents or flow rate may not be constant all the time and it is difficult to maintain the water level height above the notches as what he want. The cross section area over the weir with flowing water at lower rates is small compare to high rates. This is because at lower flow rates, the time for collection of water varies a lot compare to higher flow rates. It require a longer time to collect a specific amount of water to measure the flow rate at lower flow rate due to viscosity of water. Moreover, energy is conserved due to slower speed of flow of water. At higher flow rates, water flowing may already have the energy to create a constant water flow. Whereas at an even higher rat, water flow is difficult to control in order for it to be in constant height above notch base because the water current is too high. How to cite Flow over Weir, Essay examples

Written society rules Essay Example For Students

Written society rules Essay This technique allows you to really think about the character of Geoffrey and try to get into his mind. It helps you to understand what he is thinking and why he is the way he is. All of the strategies in this section really help to identify the problems within Geoffrey and Billys relationship.  Geoffrey obviously has very strong family values and cares about his family, proven by the fact that he became so angry when Billy snapped at his Grandma; he does care for Billy but his caring side just gets masked by his personality and very short temper. We will write a custom essay on Written society rules specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The generation gap I also think plays a major part in their relationship problems. Geoffrey was brought up very differently to Billy, he was lower/middle class and has his own business that he worked hard for, he thinks Billys education is a waste of time and finds it hard to understand all this academic learning as he was brought up at a time when it was much more respected to go out and do proper mens work, manual labour. However things were starting to change and it was starting to become more respectable to work in an office and do less hands on work, something Geoff couldnt get to grips with as it is just not part of his culture so he doesnt value it. This is why Billy and Geoffrey clash as they dont really understand each other and one anothers ambitions. Also Geoffrey seems to kind of think Billy has had an easy ride in a way and could even be very slightly jealous of him. Geoffreys upbringing and the difference in generation between them causes them rarely to see eye to eye as does Geoffreys strong family values. Geoffreys fiery personality and inability to express himself also plays a part in their relationship difficulties. I also think that they are very different people that have clashing personalities. All these things cause problems in their relationship. When Billy announces that he is leaving for London that night, Alice and Geoffrey react very differently. Alice doesnt really want to believe it and reacts in a very motherly manner and worries about the practicalities for instance, the washing and cooking. She doesnt think he will survive on his own. She thinks he needs her and she probably quite wants to feel needed; she has just lost her mother and now is going to loose her son as well and is probably feeling very vulnerable and upset. Billy and Geoffreys relationship is considerably worse towards the end of the play and Geoffrey is back to his old self. Geoffrey acts like he doesnt care but he does seem to want him to stay and uses the excuse that he has to pay back the money as a reason for him to stay as he doesnt know how to tell him how he feels. Once again however, his temper gets the better of him and he ends up telling him to go as he has had enough of him. Billy doesnt want to leave on bad terms and does try to rectify things with his father. There is a point near the end of the play where Billy has two fairly long speeches that really help you to understand both, Billy, Geoffrey and their relationship when Billy talks about his education and how he never received praise or support and just had to be grateful for everything. It is here that the generation gap is very apparent again and difference in upbringing. It is due to these things that they misunderstand each other and have very different values. .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .postImageUrl , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:hover , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:visited , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:active { border:0!important; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:active , .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666 .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u983baa5acb79b469d6a6db792b7bd666:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Police Brutality EssayInternal monologue for this explorative strategy we performed a short monologue for both Alice and Geoffrey summing up how they felt about Billy moving to London.  In Alices monologue she talked about how worried she was about Billy and how much she was going to miss him. Geoffrey is also sad that he went and regrets telling him to go but doesnt know how to rectify the mistake. In a way though, Geoff feels a kind of respect for Billy as he actually followed something through and told the truth and thinks that the experience could make him more mature. Neither of them entirely believed that it was true until they read the letter and the reality sunk in. This strategy helped to understand how Alice and Geoffrey truly felt about Billy at the end of the play when he has finally done something with himself.  From my study of the play I can say that the relationships within the play are complex, particularly Geoff and Billys however there is no doubt that there is love, respect and strong morals present in all relationships even if they are not always shown. In this section we were required to direct and rehearse a short section of the text in order to understand the process of staging a play. We focused on how the writers use the elements of drama to convey meaning and how actors use the medium of drama to interpret a text for performance. Period and cultural background  Billy Liar is set in the 1950s. A time when there were strict unwritten society rules, set family roles and a family orientated lifestyle. Although the time period is not directly mentioned throughout the play, we are provided with various clues of the period and culture conveyed through the dialogue, events and set. For example we are provided with great insight into the play purely from the set which is described in detail at the beginning of act one; furnished with an uncut moquette three piece suite and a dining room suite in dark oak. This description is very typical of a 1950s lower/middle class home, popular interior design of the time. A cheap and flashy cocktail cabinet is also very 1950s and also tells us a little about the family as a cocktail cabinet is something a family would have bought to show off and impress others; therefore the Fisher family clearly care what society things of them. The usual collection of family photographs on the mantelpiece again is typical of a 1950s family and shows the how the Fishers rate family as of high importance.  The fact that Alices mother, Florence lives with them , that they all eat breakfast together and the family roles (Alice being a stereotypical housewife and Geoffrey being the hard working money earner), all also indicate their 1950s lifestyle. They are a very traditional family and their lower/middle social status is reflected mainly in Geoffrey with his strong values and working class upbringing meaning he worked very hard to create his own business and he values an academic education like Billys very little. Our Extract The section of the play my group developed was from page five to page nine, during these pages it is late morning and the family are in the middle of breakfast; Billy has only just got out of bed (much to the disapproval and annoyance of his parents especially Alice who has just been struggling to get him up for some time before hand) and come downstairs to join the family; Geoffrey who is seated at the kitchen table doing paperwork, Florence who is slightly more away from things sitting on the couch and Alice who is busy doing chores and preparing breakfast. .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .postImageUrl , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:hover , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:visited , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:active { border:0!important; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:active , .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04970106276fc961cf643c644890af6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: IT failure and dependance EssayObviously this section of the text being the first scene in the play and so near to the beginning means that it was very important to perform it just right. The first scene in a play is all about introducing the characters and setting the scene so we had to think very carefully about how we wanted our characters to come across to the audience and exactly what we wanted to convey to them. It is the first impression for the audience and it will stick in their mind so it had to be put across with care. It had to have an impact on the audience, engage them and give them just enough information about the characters and their relationships to keep them interested but also not give away everything so that there is nothing to be conveyed throughout the rest of the play and no depth to the plot. Information has to be released steadily. It was also important that we conveyed the right atmosphere to the audience. The mood in this particular scene is very familiar and it was important that this was conveyed through the performance. Although things are a bit chaotic there is also the impression that every morning the same thing happens and everyone does the same thing. They appear to know each other and their routines very well for instance they talk about Billy and his late nights and getting up late as though it is a regular occurrence and they all are so used to Florences mumblings that they generally just ignore her and she just becomes background noise. We get the feeling that Geoffrey always does his paperwork at breakfast, Alice is always busy trying to keep things in order and Billy always strolls into breakfast as if he has all the time in the world. They all have their own agenda but still kept up the conversation showing their familiarity with the situation. All in all we get a strong typical family feel from this scene and it was important that all this was conveyed to the audience. As well as conveying the characters and the mood it was also important to give the audience some insight into relationships within the family. For example, Geoffrey and Alice would have been married for a long time and would be very familiar with each other, they would have quite a strong relationship and be quite united in their views, that had to come across to the audience by using eye contact between them and exchanges of looks conveying the fact that they knew what one another was thinking. Most of these looks were exchanged of course over Billy whose relationship with his parents to an extend seems to be fairly typical of a teenager and their mother and father in that you expect an amount of nagging but there is also an air of familiar disappointment and disapproval towards Billy. His parents give the feeling that Billy never does anything right and they expect the worst of him; they express little support or faith in Billy. We can tell all this from various things said about his actions for example, And what time did you get in last night? If it was last night. This bloody morning more like and He knocks about with too many lasses. He out with a different one every night, which shows their disapproval and lack of faith in him. All these things had to come across in the performance through body language, movement, facial expressions, gestures and tone and pattern of speech in order to introduce the characters in the right way.

How To Write Awesome Headlines That Your Audience Will Love

How To Write Awesome Headlines That Your Audience Will Love Pop quiz: Whats the first thing you read when you look at a piece of content on social media? Think you know it? The answer is the headline. The headline is the first thing you will read on any piece of content, and it will be the deciding factor whether or not you continue reading. In this post, Ill teach you techniques to writing memorable headlines your audience cannot  resist. Are you ready!? Lets take a look. How To Write Awesome Social Media Headlines That Your Audience Will LoveWhy Spend Time Writing Good Headlines? No matter how fantastic, informative, and downright awesome the content you wrote is, none of that will matter if you dont have a good headline. You know that saying Dont judge a book by its cover? Lets be honest, we all look at the book cover to decide if we want to read it or not. The same goes for headlines. Recommended Reading: How to Write Emotional Headlines That Get More Shares If you dont have a headline that gives an overview or benefit of the content, no one is going to click on it. When writing a headline you have to ask yourself, Whats in it for my readers? Would you click on a piece of content with that headline? If the answer is no, then you need to spend some time crafting a better one. Need a Few Tools for Writing Better Social Media Headlines? Start writing better headlines, optimized for social media. Download these three free templates: A tear sheet of emotional power words that encourage clicks and shares. A Social Media Headline A/B Test Template to help you optimize your headlines using our Headline Analyzer. A Catchy Blog Title sheet with 500 power + emotion words, plus 100 headline writing templates to hone your craft. How To Write An Effective Headline That Connects With Your Audience The headline accounts for up to 50% of your blog post’s effectiveness. You're overall goal for writing a headline is to get someone to click on it. In order for someone to click on it, they have to connect with the headline in someway. There are several different headline categories, such as: Question Benefit How-To List Post Generic Let's take a deeper look into these 5 types of headlines. Take a look into five types of #social #media #headlines:1. Question A question headline is exactly how it sounds; it asks a question. This question has to relate to the content it's linked to. If you wrote about Facebook engagement, then your question headline would sound something like "Are You Struggling To Engage With Your Facebook Audience?" The person reading this will make the connection that they need help with Facebook engagement and click on the link to find the answer. The goal of a question headline is to leave the reading wondering the answer.  Be careful when using question headlines. At least tease the answer to the question in your introduction to keep readers interested. 2. Benefit A benefit headline offers a quick snippet of what the reader will obtain after reading the content. The benefit headline has to give the reader (you guessed it) a benefit. If you wrote about email marketing, then your benefit headline would sound something like "15 Tactics For Increasing Your Email Subscribers by 137%." The person reading this will know that after reading this post they can increase their email subscribers. Studies have shown that headlines with numbers tend to generate 73% more social shares and engagement.  The higher the number, the higher the engagement. Would you rather read a post that has 5 ways to increase Facebook engagement, or 21 ways? Studies also found that using odd numbers have a higher chance of engagement compared to even numbers. Do your headlines convey clear benefits to your readers?3. How To A how-to headline offers the reader actionable steps to do something better. The how-to headline has to provide insights to what the 'how to' is. If you wrote a post about Instagram followers, then your how to headline would sound something like "How To Skyrocket Your Instagram Followers With These 15 Tactics." The person reading this can connect that they need more Instagram followers, and this post will help skyrocket that. You’ve probably seen a lot of â€Å"how to† headlines. That’s because†¦ well, they work. When your audience searches for information, it could be because they want to know how to do something better. That’s where you can step in and provide helpful content to position your business as a source of relevant and useful information. 4. List Post A list post headline  provides a round-up of content or information around a given topic. The list post headline has to include a piece from the content it's linked to. If you wrote a post about marketing calendars, then your headline would sound something like "10  Steps To Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas." There are different ways to write a list post: 10 Ways ... 10 Things ... 10 Steps ... 10 Tips ... Top 10 Most ... Top 10 Reasons ... The #1 Reason ... List posts work and the possibilities are endless.  BuzzSumo teamed up with OkDork to share data that basically says list posts get the most social shares after infographics. These headlines give your readers the chance to skim your subheads to see if they’d like to dive in further. 5. Generic A generic headline is well ... generic. This is something you  don't want. You don't want to have a headline that's already been written by 10 other people. Even if you are covering the same topic, your headline should be unique and provide an emotional connection with your audience. Don't write a headline that's already been done by 10 other people.A generic headline looks something like "Write Better Headlines Today." How are you going to write better headlines? This approach offers no inside look at what the reader can expect by clicking. Avoid generic headlines whenever you can. List post, how to, benefit and question headlines have a better opportunity to get social shares, traffic, and overall SEO value. Recommended Reading: Here are the 101 Catchy Blog Title Formulas That Will Boost Traffic By 438% Good vs. Bad Headlines for Social Media Now that we know what kind of headlines work, you're ready to start writing headlines! Okay...not quite yet. Keep in mind the headline you're writing  is something that  you  would be interested in. If you won't click it, no one else will. Here's some examples of good vs. bad headlines: How To Write Good Headlines. (Bad! Provides no benefit or inside look.) How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, And Search Results. (Good! Provides the reader with a benefit.) Do You Know How To Write Good Headlines? (Bad! Very vague, close-ended question.) Are You Struggling To Write Memorable Headlines? (Good!  Connects with the audience.) This headline from Social Media Examiner tells the reader exactly what to expect when clicking on the post. A perfect example of a "how to" headline. Remember to always provide the  best  benefit and  ask the  right  question! Avoid boring, vague headlines. This headline below is vague and doesn't tell the reader what they will be reading about. Is a "how to" guide? Is it going to show examples of user-friendly design? Do I connect with this headline? A generic and vague headline is something to avoid along with clickbait headlines. Clickbait headlines are manipulative and deceiving. You want to write a headline to connect with your audience, not just to increase your page views. A clickbait headline looks something like "When You Read These 19 Shocking Food Facts, You'll Never Want To Eat Again." I know that headline sounds ridiculous, but it's really out there. Bottom line, avoid clickbait and generic headlines at all costs. Instead, opt for a headline that will connect with your audience on an emotional level. The best way to do this, is to choose your words wisely.

Liquid and Other Types of Lunch

Liquid and Other Types of Lunch Liquid and Other Types of Lunch Liquid and Other Types of Lunch By Maeve Maddox Until recently, I’d assumed that lunch was a clipping of luncheon. Come to find out, the words originated separately. According to the OED, luncheon is of uncertain origin, but lunch is thought to have come from Spanish lonja, â€Å"a slice.† Both luncheon and lunch first referred to a thick piece of something, such as â€Å"a hunk of bread.† In time, both words came to mean â€Å"a light repast between mealtimes.† On the Ngram Viewer, lunch and luncheon cruise along in tandem until about 1880, when lunch pulls ahead. Luncheon peaks in the 1920s and then declines. By then, some middle class speakers had come to believe that lunch was a slang word derived from luncheon and complained about its use by the younger generation. Both words still refer to a meal lighter than dinner, but now have markedly different connotations. A Google search shows 625,000,000 results for lunch compared to 43,200,000 for luncheon. The latter has acquired connotations of formality and a kind of prissiness that do not attach to lunch. One â€Å"has lunch† but â€Å"attends a luncheon.† A Web search suggests a certain gender bias: â€Å"ladies’ luncheon† brings 374,000 results compared to 34,900 for â€Å"men’s luncheon.† The word lunch has found its way into several idioms. out to lunch A person who is â€Å"out to lunch† is unaware of what is going on around him: One [presidential] candidate is simply out to lunch, unaware until recently that there was even such a thing as Common Core. to lose one’s lunch â€Å"To lose one’s lunch† is â€Å"to throw up or vomit†: Once  the sight  would have  made me lose my lunch, but it didnt anymore. Was it a bad sign that I didnt throw up on the corpses anymore? to eat your lunch To have someone â€Å"eat your lunch† is â€Å"to be soundly defeated in some competition†: If you don’t develop a marketing strategy, your competitors will eat your lunch. no such thing as a free lunch All services, gifts, and ostensibly generous gestures will have hidden costs that the recipient must pay in the end: On the Internet, as elsewhere in life, there is  no such thing as a free lunch. [Free or low-cost online services need to be paid for somehow.] liquid lunch A â€Å"liquid lunch† is a â€Å"midday meal that leads to drunkenness.† An alarming 76 per cent of employees are coming back to work drunk after taking a â€Å"liquid lunch,† according to a new survey. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtFor Sale vs. On Sale40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

Molecular Therapeutics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Molecular Therapeutics - Essay Example Later in 1970, the mechanism of prostaglandin biosynthesis was demonstrated to involve the formation of bicyclic peroxides or endoperoxides as the initial product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxygenation. Prostaglandin endoperoxides were successfully isolated and the name 'cyclooxygenase' came into existence as a term that describes the enzyme that is responsible for this complex biochemical transformation (Lawrence et al 1999; Hamberg and Samuelson 1973). According to Lawrence and his colleagues (1999), the chemical process catalysed by cyclooxygenase; the conversion of arachidonic acid, (which is known to be the precursor to prostaglandins), to Prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) involves the enzymatic removal of the 13-pro-S-hydrogen, giving rise to a Pentadienyl radical with maximal electron density at C-11 and C-15. Trapping of the carbon radical at C-11 with Oxygen produces a peroxyl radical, which when added to C-9 generates a cyclic peroxide and a carbon-centred radical at C-8. The double bond at C-12 become re-inforced by the C-8 radical, generating the bicyclic peroxide and an allylic radical with maximal electron density at C-13 and C-15. The carbon radical at C-15 is trapped with oxygen to form a peroxyl radical, which is reduced to prostaglandin G2. Cyclooxygenase came t... Prostaglandins were shown to be involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological responses such as pain, inflammation, homeostasis, regulation of renal function and maintenance of the mucosal integrity of the stomach wall (Remmel et al 2003), their inhibition therefore spells the anti-inflammatory and analgesic utility of NSAIDs and also their adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and bleeding. However, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs happen to be the most widely used drugs in the treatment of pain and inflammation, their therapeutic effects was seen to stem from their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase induced prostaglandin synthesis, which was also their major source of adverse side effects. The dilemma that ensued was how to separate the pharmacologic value of these drugs from the adverse effects. In the course of the search for a specific inhibitor of the negative effects of prostaglandins, which could spare the positive effects while reducing the adverse effects, it was discovered that depending on the structure of the cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in their synthesis, prostaglandins could be separated into two groups (Green 2001). This led to the discovery of two different cyclooxygenase isozymens encoded by two genes with different protein pattern and distribution (Remmel, 2003; Lawrence et a 1999; Ouellet, 2001) with Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) constitutively expressed in most cell types, including platelets while COX-2, though not found in healthy tissues of the body, was induced in response to proinflammatory and proliferative stimuli (Ouellet et al 2001) essentially in response to cytokines, endotoxins, mitogens and at times growth factor (Herschman, 1996) . Available body of evidence, therefore showed that the

Bio-remediation Advantages and Disadvantages assessment Case Study

Bio-remediation Advantages and Disadvantages assessment - Case Study Example Micro-organisms cannot break down metal particles. There are several bioremediation approaches that may be undertaken depending on the nature of the contaminant and the extent of contamination. QUESTION ONE There are several bioremediation methods that the company can adopt to avoid the disastrous effects of the oil spill accidents (Elweis 38). Bioremediation is necessary as it will reduce the effects of the oil spill in both environments – land and water. In the first accident, the oil spill will spread in the soil of the bed as well as in water. The methods that are to be used for the tanker that runs aground should be able to take care of the oil that gets absorbed by the bed while as the for the second ship, the method should focus on the elimination of oil that is found on top. The method of biodegradation that can be used to degrade petroleum in the second oil spill accident is nutrient enrichment. The research indicates that the major factor that hinders the biodegradat ion of petroleum that results from oil spills due to tanker accidents is the lack of an adequate nutrient supply to the marine micro-organisms that decompose oil. The process involves the addition of a carefully formulated fertilizer to the water contaminated by oil. This fertilizer contains specific nutrients that promote the growth of indigenous marine micro-organisms that are responsible for degrading petroleum. The fertilizers must be carefully selected to ensure only nutrients that are vital to the growth of the specific bacteria are present. The major nutrients that are required for optimum growth of the marine micro-organisms that degrade petroleum are nitrogen and phosphorus. The fertilizer selected should be that which provides the slow release of nutrients. This is very important as it ensures that the nutrients are available to the micro-organisms throughout the biodegradation period. The fertilizers used are usually present in two forms, either as granules or in a liquid form. The fertilizer in a liquid form is applied to the surface of water by the use of sprinklers. The use of nutrient enrichment method to combat the effects of oil spill has advantages as well as shortcomings as indicated in the table 1 below. Table 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Nutrient Enrichment Method Disadvantages Advantages Addition of nutrients could cause eutrophication leading to depletion of oxygen. No formation of algal blooms occurs. Some components of the fertilizer may be harmful to other marine organisms. Cases of adverse ecological effects are rare. Some of the products of bioremediation using nutrient enrichment may be harmful. The method is safer in comparison to other methods of conventional degradation. The increased growth and multiplication of the micro-organisms may cause an ecological imbalance in the marine environment. The other method that can be used by the company to reduce the effects of the oil spill is the slurry phase bioremediation that i s suitable for contaminated soil (Elweis 292). It involves the excavation of the contaminated material and its transfer to the slurry where the contaminating agent is removed. The contaminated material is suspended in an aqueous solution, and the treatment process is conducted under saturated conditions. In this case, the contaminated

Kids Vs Kids :: essays research papers

KIDS VS. KIDS The average child witnesses eight thousand murders and one hundred thousand acts of violence by the time he or she finishes elementary school. In the past fifteen years school violence has become a clear but present danger. It used to be children were involved in fistfights, or other types of squabbles. They may have received a black eye or bloody nose. Now they are armed with not fists but sawed off shotguns and malice. This is a serious issue that needs to be observed and resolved. These need to be taken in to consideration, home environment, society, and school policy. These are the key issues that are causing children to act out so violently. In the early eighties we were not having the problems with school shootings that are happening now. Home environment is the big factor that’s been children are for most of their life; the influences that come from here are powerful. Hopefully parents are teaching their children to be good people, to have compassion for others, but in some cases this is not happening. Society has evolved in the past fifteen years. Things are a little different. More mothers were at home raising their children and not out in the workplace. The Internet was not available to the population until 1989-1990. With out this being monitored for students it could be very harmful. The Internet is full of wonderful information, but also potentially dangerous material. School policy was different because they were not having such violent problems. There were problems in schools in the eighties but not so many, so often. From nineteen eighty eight to nineteen ninety-two the homicide rate increased by fifty percent, assault by forty eight percent, robbery, forty nine percent and rape fifteen percent. At these rapid increasements they crept into schools with a bang. The average home in the nineties is, both parents working forty hours a week, tired and might not be so observant to what their children are doing and learning. The home environment is so important and vital to the solving of this problem. The Internet is available at home, or in most libraries. This needs to monitored especially for younger users. In hope to help eliminate the shootings most schools in the U.S. have adopted the zero tolerance policy. The zero tolerance policy is helpful in keeping order and does not tolerate much else.

Ethno Religious Crisis in Nigeria: Causes and Remedy.

ETHNO RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND REMEDY. BY MUHAMMAD GAMBO ISGOGO HASSAN ADAMU MAKUKU UMAR HAMIDU ALIYU ABSTRACT Introduction Nigeria is no doubt a populous nation of over 88 million (1991 population census) but as at now Nigeria’s population is estimated to be above 120 million people of diverse ethnic groups and many religions. Its people are differently distributed in the 36 states that made up the nation. In addition to this, the nation is blessed with many economic potentialities which help in the movement of the various peoples through the process of economic inter-dependence. Though abounds with human and natural resources, the country has since independence witnessed a number of inter and intra ethnic and religious crisis which continue to be an impediment to its overall development. The causes of conflicts between and within ethnic and religious groups could be seen in a number of factors, such as ways of propagating the religions, mistrust and suspicion between the followers of the various religious and ethnic groups, selfishness ignorance and intolerance amongst the two groups. References are made in the holy books, such as the Glorious Qu’ran and the Holy Bible on their teachings showing how if fully adhered to, the nation will be in peace. In this respect, the prevailing crisis might not be un- connected with the deviation of the teachings of these religions by their followers. In the paper, causes of these crises are discussed and some suggestions are provided which if properly implemented will serve as remedies to both ethnic and religious crisis in the nation. Ethnic Crisis In Nigeria. In the words of Eleazu â€Å"the people of Nigeria are many and varied†1. Actually, a nation with a population of over 120 million people now and about 391 different ethnic groups2 with divergent socio-political, economic, cultural and religious backgrounds could be termed a nation of many and varied peoples. With this heterogametic nature. Nigeria has thus, become a melting pot where social conflicts and especially of ethnic nature are bound to occur. Causes of ethnic crisis in Nigeria are many comprising of both long and short term factors. There had been in the past for example, serious inter-ethnic rivalry to secure slaves for both domestic use and trans-Atlantic slave trade and secondly, there were wars of expanding the territories of the various states, kingdoms and empires that made up what is today Nigeria. These wars were the predominant activities of the various ethnic groups which became a factor of bitter relationship amongst them in the past. This situation of enmity between the various ethnic groups was according to Ryder From the 18th century onwards when the slave trade supplied weapons that made these conflicts more destructive. Internally, a sharpening of divisions within societies is well attested3. These wars caused serious insecurity so that many old towns were relocated in mountainous areas or mass defensive walls were constructed to avoid the intrusion of enemies. It is worth noting that these earlier conflicts were sponsored by the European slavers. In this way one could say, the seed for such conflicts was planted right in the period before colonial rule. Slave trade on its own was an inhuman act and therefore a terrorist act. In the colonial period, the colonial system of dividing what is today Nigeria into three administrative units had contributed greatly in shaping the present day relationship of suspicion, fear and mistrust among the divergent ethnic groups in the country. The administrative units were:-Lagos colony, Southern Protectorate and Northern protectorate, in this arrangement, the north was excluded from the central administration. This exclusion was to later have a serious implication on the relationship between the people of the north and those of the South, (East and West). The implication became more pronounced when in 1914, the three administrative units were amalgamated. This action was marked by mutual suspicion and sometimes open conflict between the diversed ethnic groups. One could say at this juncture that, this suspicion and fear still shapes the relationship between the peoples of these various corners of the country. This is also the genesis of the subsequent crisis of ethnic nature in Nigeria. Today, Nigerians feel insecure in the regions other than their own. The sectional feeling further manifests itself clearly in the unhealthy competition in all aspects of the government between the peoples of the North, West and East. Tensions between these peoples become more and more intensified with each trying to protect its sectional interest. On this note, Awolowo, cited in Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. eds blamed the British: For dividing the North from the South so thoroughly and effectively that the two were divergently and almost irreconcilably oriented4 With Federalism which was instituted to primarily to avoid one ethnic group dominating others and also protecting the interests of the minorities, the nation was once again split into regions, each with its autonomous power. In this political arrangement also, it was observed that: The colonial administrators have passed on to the Nigerian wards the prejudices which had enabled them think and act in the belief that this informal federation was a marriage of convenience between incompatibles 5. With this impression in the minds of Nigerian peoples, it becomes very difficult for them to work harmoniously together without such tribal conflicts. Each of the tribes of the country today works only for the interest of its people and not the nation, thus in these blind competitions of each trying to dominate the other, conflicts of ethnic nature always occur. Clear testimony to this was that the political parties of the first Republic were regionally organized; Northern Peoples’ Congress (NPC), was for the North, Action Group (AG) was for the West (Yoruba) while National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) was for the East (Igbo). Equally the major parties of the second republic were only the reincarnation of those of the first republic, National Party of Nigeria (NPN) for example replicated the NPC, United Party of Nigeria (UPN) was the AG incarnate while the National Peoples Party (NPP) replicated the NCNC. Each of these worked tirelessly to protect the interest of its geopolitical zone, and in so doing, conflicts occur. A case to mention here was the coup and counter coup of January and July 1966 which came about as a result of the heedless pride, greed, selfishness and shortcomings of the members of these three regions. The wound inflicted by the Nigerian civil war did not heal properly as there are still moves for secession in the country. Minority issues in Nigeria are also seen as one important phenomenon which causes ethnic conflicts in the country. These minority tribes were once neglected in the socio-political and economic affairs of the country. Nigeria was seen and regarded as the home of only three tribes; Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba. But later even Arthur Richard cited in Ekeh, P. P and Osaghae, E. E confirmed that: It is only accident of British suzerainty which has made Nigeria one country or one nation socially, economically and even politically, there are deep differences between the major ethnic groups. They do not speak the same language and they have highly divergent customs and ways of life and they represent stages of culture. 6 From the 1950s till date, the reality of Nigerian problem started to unfold. Many minority ethnic groups began to feature in the sharp competitions in the entire aspects of government. This is done through the formation of their own political parties and associations in order to out do the activities of major ethnic groups whom they regard and see as threats to their economic and political aspirations. This suspicion and fear by the minority tribes over the major tribes remain a prominent feature in the Nigerian socio-political and economic activities and have in no small measure helped in intensifying ethnic crisis in the country. The desire to harness and utilize the God given economic potentials distributed in all parts of the country made the movements and permanent settlement of different tribes in different regions of the country inevitable. Socio-political and economic relations that follow, crisis of leadership result in serious clashes between many tribes. In 2002 for example, there was a serious conflict between the Yoruba and Hausa over the leadership of a cattle market in Bodija, Ibadan and in Jos, the conflict is still on between the Hausa and some tribes over who has the legal right of chieftaincy. Cases of this nature are numerous and too many to be mentioned here. One can also still see the traces of the British administration in Nigeria on the issue of sectionalism. It is worth mentioning that after forty four (44) years of independence and despite several calls for national unity, associations of purely tribal interest are established in the country. In the West, there is the Ooduwa Peoples’ Congress (OPC) for purely Yoruba people, in the East, there is the Ohaneze (Ndi Igbo) purely for Igbo people, while in the North, there is Arewa Consultative Forum for the northern peoples. It should be noted that all these associations have been established to directly and openly protect the interests of their respective peoples. Where their interests clash, it results to conflicts. Many ethnic crises in Nigeria are as a result of the activities of these associations. It is very disheartening to add that these tribal associations and other purely tribally motivated movements are directly supported and sponsored by top serving and retired government personalities. These supports only help in fueling crisis of ethnic nature in the country. Worst still, is that security and law enforcement agents always take sides when performing any national assignment of peace keeping. These agents openly support their people even if they are the offenders. This issue is no doubt causing further ethnic crisis and even escalating the existing ones. One cannot also delink this problem of ethnic crisis with the activities of the â€Å"area boys† who emerge suddenly as the result of the growing unemployment in the country. These groups of unemployed, misguided, disgruntled and unpatriotic teenagers unnecessarily cause commotions and misunderstanding under the pretext of tribal issues to enable them loot and steal private and public property. Area boyism is therefore a force to reckon with in causing tribal conflicts in the country. But it is worth mentioning here that some of the activities of these area boys are mostly engineered and sponsored by the selfish, greedy and unpatriotic politicians who by all means and at all cost wan to win election or cause unnecessary commotions. Under the pretext of tribalism, they therefore incite such crises in the country. Wrong and exaggerated information by the press and the media houses sometimes form the background for tribal conflicts in the country. Such exaggerated news will only spark up some ethnic groups to avenge on some innocent victims. Almizan of 16th Zulkida 1420 for example reported that over 2000 Hausa people were killed by the Igbo in the East to avenge the killings of Igbo in Kaduna7. The Igbo took this action because the nation was erroneously informed of the Kaduna crisis by the Today Newspaper of 21/2/2000. ollowing this, other major towns in the country started brewing with tension. No one can quantify the extent of damages caused by these ethnic crises in Nigeria. Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost leaving behind them so many orphans and widows, many were maimed and wounded, private and public property worth millions of naira were damaged. Also the tribes of Nigeria are left in a terrible sta te of perpetual psychological insecurity and fear especially those settling in a region other than their own. In this way, the spirit of national cohesion which is the bedrock of peace and stability still remain a dream, Nigerians therefore remain in either cold war or open war with one another. Religious Crisis In Nigeria (Causes) The causes of religious crisis in Nigeria seem to have been an event that occurs as a surprise to all concerned citizens of the nation. The crisis are mostly centered on religion though with some hidden motives. Religion which is often used as cover up is considered as one of the major causes of the crisis in Nigeria. Definition of Religion. Religion according to the Oxford Dictionary is defined as â€Å"one of the systems of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods: Jewish religion, Christian Religion, Islamic religion and other world religions8. It is also defined as, a particular interest or influence that is very important in one’s life 9. Christianity is the belief in Christ, the man that Christians believe is the son of God and on those teachings the Christian religion is based. The prayer book 1998 states: the Christian faith is based on the belief in one God summarized in what is popularly known as Nicene Creed thus reads: We believe in one God, the father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, God from God, light from light, true God from true God, begotten not made, of one being with the father, through him all things were made. For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate of the Virgin Mary and was made man†¦. 0 Islam as a religion is an Arabic word and connotes submission, surrender and obedience to the laws of Allah. Islam is to enter into peace and Muslim is one who makes his peace wit Allah and man’s peace wit Allah implies complete submission to his will and peace wit man is not only to refrain from evil, injury to another man but also o do good to him. Christianity and Islam as religions of peace pre ach peace and co existence among their adherents. The Bible says in the Book of Prophet Isaiah 9:6 Proclaimed Jesus Christ as â€Å"the prince of peace†12. It will be absurd to see the followers of this prince of peace breaching the peace that was announced. Based on Islamic peace teaching, Al-Ezzati observed, that: The task of guiding the misled to virtuous behavior and persuading them to stop doing wrong (Al-amir bil-al-ma-rouf wa-al-nahy anil-munkar) is laid on every Muslim and this is why every Muslim is supposed to preach righteousness and decency13 . Religious crisis in Nigeria seems to be as a result of digression from the teachings of both religions. Prophet Isa (Jesus) (AS) displayed a good model and requested all his followers to emulate. In the New Testament, the apostle Paul in his admonition to the Romans in chapter 12:9, 10 & 18 charged them: Let love be without dissimulation, abhor that which is evil, cleave to that which is good. Be kindly affectionate one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another. If it is possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men14. In Galatians 5:22 peaceful co-existence is described as one of the Christian virtues. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) have shown in theory and practice too, the right of neighbours both Muslims and non-Muslims, in a Hadith which states: Whosoever happens to be such that his (or her) neighbours do not feel secured of being afflicted from his evils, will not be admitted into paradise15. Another Hadith states : By Allah he has not acquired Iman (faith) and by Allah he has not acquired Iman. So it was said â€Å"who is that person O ye messenger of Allah: He said, that one whose neighbours do not feel safe from the evil in him or (her). Bukhari narrated 16. The above traditions teach harmonious relationship that is to be encouraged by both followers of the two faiths especially the Muslims. To buttress further from the Christian side, the Holy Bible, in Peter 3:11 says: Let him eschew evil, and do good, let him seek peace and ensue it. For the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their prayers. But the face of the Lord is against them that do evil 17. If such teachings are emulated by both Muslims and non-Muslims of the world, and Nigeria in particular, there will be no religious crisis. Most if not all of the crisis occurred out of ignorance. The present society tends to neglect all the above teachings and behave recklessly as explained above. Umar Ibn Khattab the second caliph said when sending troops to the battle field. Destroy not fruit trees, nor fertile fields in your path, be just and spare the feelings of the vanquished, respect all religious persons who live in hermitage or convents, and spare their edifice18. Ezzati further explains how caliph Umar protected the people of the Book. The killings, destructions being done in the process of fighting each other is not religious. In one of Jesus’ last sermons to his disciples in John 14:27, He said: Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you19. As mentioned above, the religious crisis in Nigeria are mostly manifested out of none adherence to the teachings of all the religions, since all the Holy books like the Qur’an and the Bible teaches peaceful co-existence of the people. The Qur’an openly states in chapter 2: verse 190 Fight for the sake of those that fight against you, but do not attack them first. Allah does not love aggressors20. It is therefore not true to say that the Muslim leaders or Christians of Nigeria are ignorant of such verses and the relationship that existed at the early state, which is supposed to be emulated by the present society. Qur’an 2:256 states: There should be no compulsion in religion21. Another verse states 109:6 Unto you your religion and unto me my religion22. The above verses shows that many religions could co-exist in harmony without conflict since followers of every religion are enjoined to stick to their religions. For example, in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), some religions existed side by side with Islam, and the prophet himself accorded much respect to the followers of these religions. The Qur’an is full of teachings in which no doubt about it, a guidance to those who are pious, who fear Allah and very much abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which Allah has forbidden, and performance of good deeds which He has ordained. Several crises occurred in many parts of Nigeria from the initial stage as tribal and later turned to religious crisis. But the question is, were all these actually religious crisis, if they were, were the forerunners of these crises ignorant of such teachings of the glorious Qur’an and The Bible? One may likely say that such crisis were not religious as such, since the holy prophet states in one of his traditions that the blood of a brother Muslim is only lawful in three ways: 1. When a Muslim kills a Muslim brother, he will be killed. 2. When he commits apostasy (Ridda) and warned to repent, if he refused, he will be killed. 3. When a married man or married woman commits adultery he or she will be killed. Again the messenger of Allah (P. B. U. H) said: A thief will not commit theft at the time he/she commits it while he is still a Mumin and drunkard will no drink at the time he/she drinks while he/she is still a mumin, and the armed robber will not commit robbery of the precious thing, with people watching him at the time he commits robbery while he is still a mumin23. The above Hadith illustrated the situation in Nigeria about those who call themselves religious and yet engage in such irreligious crisis. As pointed out above, the immediate causes of which can therefore be attributed to: A. Pretensious ignorance of followers of the dominant religions in their religious tenets coupled with lack of proper adherence to the teachings of their religions. B. Due to Lack of Allah’s consciousness ethno – religious crisis arising from economic consideration from the leaders of Nigeria, many of the crisis are economically ignited, e. g. with all Nigeria’s oil wealth, what has been done to alleviate the sufferings of the majority masses. In such a case, uprisings occur in the name of religious crisis where the frustrated Nigerians will take laws into their hands in the name of protecting the interest of their various religions. Though Muslims cite example of a hadith which says: If one sees an abomination he should correct it with his hand and if that is not possible, he should correct it with his tongue and if that is not possible he should hate it in his heart, the later being the weakest degree of faith24. The above Hadith shows the level of correction to be embarked upon by any good Muslim, not the correction through destruction as it is done in Nigeria. This is the correction that is done, not with the loss of lives or destruction of public property C. Although Nigeria is a secular state, yet some top government officials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  take biased decisions in favour of their religions, especially on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employment and other government affairs. This action always provokes   the followers of other religions which consequently result to crisis in the name of religion. An example is that of complains by Christians about the Arabic inscriptions in the Nigerian currency, while on the other hand the Muslims too complain about Friday not being work-free day just like their Christian  counterparts enjoy Sundays as work free day. D. Misunderstanding of the concept of shariah: Some Muslims and non Muslims in the country are ignorant of the entire   concept of shariah and therefore, see it as an instrument of oppression   and abuse of human rights. With this erroneous conception of shariah,   some Muslims and non Muslims oppose its implementation openly and   in so doing conflicts of religious nature occur. To this end, remedy to these problems must be sought in order to      create a peaceful social environment for the overall development of our   country, Nigeria. Suggestions As Remedies For Ethno-Religious Crisis In Nigeria. We have seen that the socio-political history of Nigeria has been bedeviled with series of conflicts especially of ethnic and religious nature. These conflicts are also varied, sometimes within a given religion or between religions, so also is the case with ethnic crisis. These crisis are seriously hindering the nation towards achieving one of its desired objectives of unity and stability which is the basic pre-requisite for any meaningful development. Below are a number of suggestions which would serve as remedies to the frequent ethnic and religious crisis in the country. 1. The method of imparting to the Nigerian citizenry the spirit of patriotism should be revisited. Nigerians should be fully acquainted with the ethics of patriotism. They should be made to take the nation first before any sectional interest. 2. Followers of both religions should value and adhere strictly to the teachings of their faiths since all religions are peace-loving, the spirit of tolerance ad cooperation will be developed so that Nigerians can work with one another peacefully. . The basic aim of the Federal Character Commission should be observed with all sense of seriousness. The aim is : â€Å"to give every citizen of Nigeria a sense of belonging to the nation notwithstanding the diversities of ethnic origin, culture, language or religion which may exist and which it is their desireto nourish, harness to the enrichment of the federal Republic of Nige ria†. If this aim is fully implemented, all Nigerians irrespective of language, religions or sex will have a sense of belonging and fuller participation in all government affairs without discrimination. In this way the feeling of one tribe or religion dominating the other will be discarded. 4. Formation of associations of purely tribal nature should be out rightly discouraged. 5. Inter-faiths Mediation Centers should be developed at all levels of government. 6. Law enforcement and security agents should be re-oriented on the importance of being neutral when putting down crisis of any nature in the country. 7. Standards should be set for preaching on all religions. In this way rampant preaching by the scholars of various religions could be controlled. 8. The supreme bodies of various religions in the country should enforce the law guiding the adherence of their belief system. Muslims for example should be made to apply Shari’ah. In the same vein application of ecclesial law should be encourage . In this way conflicts within and between religions would be reduced. 9. Media houses and the press should always be fair in their reports, especially when it involves crisis of ethnic and religious nature. 10. As some of the crisis are caused deliberately by area boys and certain movements, this is actually reflecting the economic situation of the country. Effort should be done to reduce the activities of area boyism through employment and equitable distribution of the nation’s wealth. 11. There should be total war against the debilitating problems of ignorance, poverty and disease, therefore promoting the well being of the individuals that make up the nation. Notes And References 1. Eleazu, U. â€Å"History and Geography of Nigeria† in Eleazu U. Ed. Nigeria: The first 25 years, Lagos Heinemann. 1985 -p3 2. Abdul Basir, A. A. & Bala, U. K, â€Å"In search of Lingua Franca/National Language Towards Sustainable Democracy for Nation Building†. A seminar paper presented at the 1st national Conference organized by School of Arts & Social Sciences, F. C. E. Kontagora. From 26th – 30th April. 2004, p- 1 3. Ryder, A. F. C. â€Å"The Trans-Atlantic slave Trade† in Obaro, I. Ed. Groundwork of Nigerian History, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1980. p150 4. Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. (eds) Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1989;   p 337 5. Ibid, p337 6. Ibid, p340 7. Al-mizan of 16th Zulkida, 1420; Similarly see all the publications of Almizan and other Kaduna based Newspapers published within the period of the Kaduna crisis, I. . from 20th February, 2000. 8. Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English, 6th Ed. New York. 2000. p 900 9. Ibid pp. 900 10. The Holy Bible: Authorized King James Version, U. S. A. World Publishing. Ioma falls Ioma 50126 p. 165 11. Edmund, P. Christianity in Northern Nigeria. 2nd Ed. Zaria, Gaskiya Corporation. 1976, p131. 12. Ibid,p. 13 1. 13. Ezzati, A. An introduction to the History of the spread of Islam, Lagos, Islamic Publication Bureau. 1979. p 4. 14. Ibid, p 116 15. Idris, I. G. The need of a Muslim (Bugyatul-Muslimina) English translation, Kauran Wali Islamic Publishers, Kaduna. 1979. p 49. 16. Ibid pp 49 17. Ibid in Peter 3:11 18. Ezzati, A. 1979 p. 5. 19. Authorized King James Version, John 14:27 pp. 78 20. King Fahd Complex The noble Qur’an, English Translation of the meanings and commentary. (1419 A. H). 2:190 21 Ibid, 2:256 22Ibid, 109: 6 23. Abdur Rahman, I. Doi. Shariah: The Islamic Law, Ta Ha Publications, London, 1984 p 355/6 24Idris, I. G. 1979. p. 50.

Rock n Roll 20th Century Culture Essay - 1465 Words

Rock ‘n’ roll and 20th Century Culture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Philip Ennis, rock ‘n’ roll emerged from the convergence of social transformations which resulted from World War II (Ryan 927). Despite its pop culture origins, rock music is arguably one of the strongest cultural factors to develop in this century. Artists such as Lennon, McCartney and Dylan defined the emotions of a generation and, in the last decade, it as even been acknowledged by members of the establishment which it hoped to change as a major influence in the country. In order to understand how rock went from a sign of rebellion to a cultural icon, it is necessary to understand where it came from. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Albert†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rock ‘n’ roll music came of age in the sixties which was a period in the nation’s history when a young generation expressed their anguish and sense of alienation to the country’s social establishments by searching for new answers to the age-old questions concerning the meaning of life, the value of the individual, and the nature of truth and spirituality (Harris 306). The classic rock music which was created during this period gave form and substance to this search. Songs such as â€Å"My Generation† by the Who re corded the keen sense of alienation that young people felt from the past and the â€Å"Establishment† and it also showed the keen sense of community they felt among themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classic albums such as the Beatles’ â€Å"White Album,† the Who’s â€Å"Who’s Next,† Dylan’s â€Å"Highway 61 Revisited, and Pink Floyd’s â€Å"Dark Side of the Moon† capture what was essential about the time because they were both a result of that time and because they helped to produce it by reinforcing the younger generation’s feelings of alienation and separation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although the distinction is somewhat fuzzy, rock music is not exactly the same as rock and roll. Rock ‘n’ roll brings up memories of two-minute, Top 40 â€Å"singles† of the fifties era. DrawnShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of Rock Music1088 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst rock musicians, once said, The blues had an illegitimate baby and we named it rock n roll. 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